Arnulf’s next venture into notoriety came when he became
involved in the English Civil War of 1135-1154.
But before we can get into Arnulf’s role, we need to start with a brief
background. After the Norman Conquest of
1066, the sons of William the Conqueror split up their father’s kingdoms.
William Rufus ruled England until someone mistook his head of red hair for a
fox and shot him during a hunting expedition. He was quickly replaced on the English throne
by his younger brother Henry, although there were those who wondered if the
fatal arrow was really fired by accident. Henry was a prolific king, if nothing else. He spawned some
22 illegitimate children, but unfortunately his only legal heir was a daughter
Matilda, whom he shipped off at an early age to marry the German emperor. Before Henry’s death, he tried to make all
his barons swear to support Matilda’s claim to the throne, but a deathbed oath
is hard to enforce once you are dead. Matilda’s claim to the throne was always weakened by her
gender, but there were other considerations as well. After the Emperor’s death,
she remarried Geoffrey of Anjou, a Frenchman. At the time of her father’s
death, she was living in France, was heavily pregnant with a third child, and
could not travel to England to claim her promised throne. Stepping into the breach came her cousin Stephen of Blois,
son of William the Conqueror’s youngest daughter, Adela. Stephen’s claim to England therefore also
passed through the female line, but he had the advantage of being in England
when Henry I died. He seized the throne,
the barons accepted the fait accompli,
and Matilda’s husband declared war. The war waged on for nearly 20 years, with
first one side and then the other claiming minor victories. One of Matilda’s illegitimate brothers managed to capture
Stephen in 1141 and lock him up, so that Matilda could make a triumphant entry
into London. Too triumphant! Her
arrogance so irritated the people that they turned against her and helped
Stephen’s forces besiege her at Oxford.
She escaped in a snowstorm by wearing a white cloak as camouflage. She eventually returned to Normandy, leaving
her young son Henry to carry on the battle. Stephen’s desire to claim England weakened after his wife
and only son both died. He signed a
compromise (Treaty of Wallingford, 1153) with Matilda’s young son Henry. It allowed him to hold onto the throne of
England until his death, after which Matilda’s son Henry claimed the throne as
Henry II in 1154. Next time we'll look at Arnulf's role in all of this. |
